They actually can. And do, in a way, in the city I live in, within the ring road it's been a 'special environment zone' since 2012. Vehicles with high particle emissions are not allowed in. With fines if caught. And particle emissions is the reason for reducing the speed limits in many areas. This is affecting all motorists.
Speaking of cities, the OP question probably differs when it comes to cities. It's likely that the demise of the combustion engine will occur much sooner in the big cities. Where public transport is more dense. And private vehicle ownership is much reduced.