I've just done a series of comparison shots with a range of filters, from the very best Hoya Pro1 to the cheapest from 7dayshop. I have to tell you that, as I suspected, they range from bad to horrendous.
I'll post them up later. Gotta dash!
Here we go then. This question comes up regularly so I thought I'd do a quick test. Flare and ghost images are the problems with filters, mainly, and even the best ones suffer from it. Sharpness is not usually an issue, though it can be with lower quality filters on long lenses, which magnify any imperfections.
For these photos I simply switched off my screen to give a dark background and moved the desk lamp to point at the camera. Canon 5D2 on a tripod with 17-40L lens, all at f/4, ISO1600, tungsten WB. Shutter speed adjusted to match the filter, ranging from 1/30sec to 30 seconds for the 10-stop ND.
This is quite a tough test, but not at all extreme. If you shoot sunsets, you might get this effect. If you shoot night scenes with bright street lights or car headlights, there's a danger too. In fact, it's happening all the time with every shot you take though of course it's not usually noticeable without comparison shots with and without the filter.
These pictures were taken at f/4 and the effect is reduced at higher f/numbers. That has more to do with the characteristics of this particular lens - they all behave slightly differently, but the problem is always there to some degree.
The bright splodge you see in the centre of the PC screen is a reflection of the lamp, bounced off the surface of the sensor and back again off the rear of the filter. Uncoated filters are worst for this, single-coated filters are better and multi-coated filters really should be pretty good. I was expecting better TBH.
1) No filter. Flare and reflection obvious, but not too bad. Easy winner!
2) Hoya Pro1-Digital UV. This is a very high quality multi-coated UV filter. I'm disappointed it wasn't a bit better than this.
3) 7DayShop ND Grad. Uncoated cheapo, rotated so that the dark area is down the left hand side. Nasty.
4) Tiffen HT 1.2 ND. This is high quality four-stops multicoated ND, from Tiffen's premier HT range, in titanium mount an' all. Ken Rockwell rates them highly. Less reflection than the uncoated filters, but still disappointing. It's a tad green.
5) B+W 3.0 ND. This is the famous ten-stops ND filter and as you might guess from the reflections it produces, it's uncoated. This comparison pic is a fraction under-exposed which makes it look better than it is (it's actually about 10.5 stops ND). Don't point it at the sun and expect perfect images. It also has a slight orange cast.
6) Hoya HD CPL. I think this is the best polariser you can buy, multi-coated top of the range from Hoya. It looks to be the best of the bunch, though far from perfect for almost £100 in 77mm.
1) No filter
2) Hoya Pro-1 UV
3) 7DayShop ND Grad
4) Tiffen HT 1.2 ND
5) B+W 3.0 ND
6) Hoya HD Circ Pol