Despite progress, air pollution causes more than 500,000 premature deaths in Europe every year, the European Environment Agency (EEA) has warned.
Its report said pollution levels were slowly improving in EU countries but remained far higher than EU and World Health Organization (WHO) standards.
Air pollution is the main cause of premature death in 41 European nations and remains "too high", the EEA said.
The findings are based on 2015 data from more than 2,500 sites.
"Air pollution is an invisible killer and we need to step up our efforts to address the causes," said the head of the agency, Hans Bruyninckx.
The air quality report commissioned by the European Commission comes weeks after an EU watchdog said most of the 28 EU states failed to meet the bloc's air quality targets.
It had warned the toll on health was worse in eastern European countries than China and India.
How bad is it?
This year's estimated number of premature deaths is an increase on earlier data, which said
air pollution caused around 476,000 premature deaths in Europe in 2013.
About 422,000 people died prematurely in European countries in 2015 due to exposure to harmful levels of fine particle matter (PM2.5).
These particles are too small to see or smell but have a devastating effect - causing or aggravating heart disease, asthma and lung cancer.