An aerosol is a very fine suspension of a liquid in a gas - tiny droplets that can hang in the air and therefore travel long distances. I've heard contradictory comments about how the virus spreads, but the main view seems to be that it requires 'droplets' (presumably larger droplets than in aerosols) produced when someone speaks or coughs, rather than the smaller particles of an aerosol that persist for long periods in the air. Flu, for example, is infectious in an aerosol.
The danger is simply that if someone coughs out infectious droplets in an enclosed space then those also occupying that space with them may receive an infectious dose. Generally speaking, for an infection to take hold you need to exceed a certain dose or challenge level, though the dose required may vary between individuals. So where someone is excreting virus into the environment, you may well pass through the infectious cloud as you walk by, but because exposure is brief your dose is too low to permit an infection to take hold. If you sit by the same person on a bus for a 30min journey then it's much more likely that you'll receive enough of a dose to become infected. Also aerosols can travel a long way indoors, carried by air currents.
The key thing here isn't just exposure, but dose. Staying 2M from an infected person reduces the likelyhood of infection because if they are producing substantial droplets containing virus, those droplets are much more likely to sink to the floor before they reach you, so the dose you receive will be small if any at all.
Hope that's useful.