If you take a photograph of someone in public, you can do almost anything you like with it.
However, you cannot show a person in defamatory way and you cannot use their image by association to advertise a product or service.
None of your examples are in these categories.
Steve.
Steve, please read it again....
* Johnny goes and picks a fight, hurting Jack. Joe takes several photos. Does Johnny have a right to stop them being used as evidence against him? If so, what is the point of CCTV? Surely every solicitor in the land would simply advise their clients to object to images being used as evidence?
* Emma is "on the fiddle", claiming Job Seekers but working in the local hairdressers. DWP get a tip off and send a photographer/spy to collect evidence. Can Emma say "oi! Hold on! I don't want those pictures to be used that way!" ?
* Nigella Lawson's partner, and the infamous picture of him with his hand around her neck. Does he have the right for those images not to be shown?
* The man in the street on a night out, while the camera crews are around for those police reality shows. Does he have the right to demand the footage not be shown? Can he demand that he has no association with the programme, TV channel, including advertising, etc?
Memes too, do all those people have the right to not have their images used?
Does someone have the right not to be associated with something? For example, a woman's image next to an article about abortion. (Example because of ethics.) I remember something being mentioned vaguely about an image being used to advertise something and a woman wasn't happy with it, some news article link perhaps, maybe a stock image? But I can't remember the outcome or the laws etc that were quoted, and the laws vary in different countries. I admit that my examples are a bit sketchy, but the point (and confusion) still stands.
Also, with regards to advertising, is it literally a print or does it extend to "you can't share that image on your twitter feed, because it's associated with your business/blog/project/you" etc? Is a product or service only one for which cash is exchanged? I'm seeing lots of potentially grey areas, - is that why there's so much confusion on photographs, even extended to taking photographs in public?
Moral rights is an extension of copyright, but I do agree that there are ethics around photography.
Your first 4 points are not defamation; they are true representations of what happened. Defamation includes an element of false communication.
Your scenario regarding the abortion scenario, if the woman's image was used in such a way as to suggest she was strongly for or against, in counter to her own views - she would have grounds to complain (unless she was paid / model release / stock site etc...). Likewise, regarding advertising, if you were to suggest through a carefully constructed shot that Tiger Woods endorsed Coke rather than Pepsi, that would also be open to a challenge - more likely from their sponsor and their lawyers.
So as Steve has stated, other than in cases of deliberately setting out to misrepresent someone in a negative light (defamation), or to mislead by implying they endorse a product or service (advertising), you can do pretty much what you like with a photo you have taken in public.



