I'm gonna attempt, although I stand to be corrected
One shot is a shooting mode, which means the camera will take one shot when you press the shutter release. As opposed to continous, which will give a continous burst of shots.
AI focus I think is Canons name for 'intelligent' focusing, it will try to focus on either the closest object, or the what it thinks is the subject you are shooting when you half depress the shutter You could reframe if you wanted to while keeping focus locked. (i.e the camera chooses the focus points)
AL Servo. do you mean AI Servo? I believe this is the canon name for the type of focusing that will track a moving object, say you have a car coming towards you, you can focus onto the car when it is far away by half depressing the shutter release, and asthe car comes nearer the focus motor will adjust to keep the car in focus. In the mode you often get 2 priorty options - shutter priority and focus priority, the former the camera will fire the shutter whenever you depress the button all the way regardless of focus, the latter the camera will only shoot if the subject has focus.