I'd say there are two problems:
1. You're probably metering for the whole image rather than the subject, resulting in...
2. ...too long an exposure since 50% of the frame is completely dark. Your polarizer will make this much worse.
Take the polariser off, and use spot metering and maybe a higher ISO and wider aperture to get as fast a shutter speed as possible. At this focal length, the moon will move in the frame quite a bit if you use, say, a 30s exposure, resulting in blur. So get the exposure time down!