Normally, if a problem occurs when writing or transferring data, the software will know about it and tell you. Whenever data is written, the software does some simple testing, e.g. checksum tests.
So, if the card was corrupted, it is likely that the camera would have displayed an error message, at the time you took the photo.
Same situation, if the data was corrupted during transfer to your Mac. You would have seen an error message.