A couple of things to check, first is the ambient lighting. Make sure it's not too high, this can cause problems. Second is make sure your ISO/Shutter speed gives you an exposure of less than 1/200 sec. If you try to use faster the camera detects a flash attached and locks it as this speed. Now make sure that both the camera and flash don't have any exposure comp dialled in.
Now if you are using the 430 as a fill in flash I think the 1D has a FEL button. This effectively matches the flash to the camera exposure. This is a quick and easy way to balance flash and camera. If on the other hand you are using the flash as the sole light source, you probably need to go either to manual and select 1/100 or similar as an exposure time. The back of the flash should then give you the sort of coverage in distance at the aperture you have selected. You can try using the FEL as a preflash to check exposure. Now the environment can have an effect. An average room will allow some fill light from the walls , whereas outdoors there is no fill and the flash power is a bit diminished (This can effectively be up to 2 stops). This means the flash will not cover as much distance outdoors as it does in.